Tap Types

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Introduction

When coupling pipes and attaching pipes to components screwed fittings are often used as opposed to compression couplings, soldered or welded connections.   Historically in the UK, and throughout Europe, British Standard Pipe Threads (BSP)have been used. These threads are still widely used but the threads are generally no longer identified as BSP threads .

BS 21 has been used in the UK for BSP threads for pressure tight joints and BS 2779 has been used for BSP threads which are not used for pressure tight joints.  BS 21 has now been generally replaced by BS EN 10226-1, and BS 2779 has been totally replaced by BS EN ISO 0228-1

BS 21 is still (2007) relevant for taper ext. /taper int. threads which are used for pressure tight joints (until BS 10226-2 is issued) and for longscrew threads.  Longscrew threads are parallel threads used as longscrew connectors as specified in BS 1387 .   Using these components pressure tight joints are made my using soft annulus seals between a backnut and a connector face.

Symbols

D	Major diameter of Internal Thread	T₁	Tolerance on gauge length of external thread
D₁	Minor diameter of internal Thread = D -1,280654P	T₂	Tolerance pos'n of gauge length of int'l thread
D₂	Pitch diameter of internal Thread = D - 0,640327P	A	tighter class tolerance of ext thread (BS EN 10228).
H	Height of fundamental triangle of thread form	B	wider class tolerance of ext thread (BS EN 10228)
h	height of thread profile with rounded crests and roots.	d	Major diameter of External Thread
P	Pitch	d1	Minor diameter of External Thread = D -1,280654P
r	radius of crest (and roots)	d₂	Pitch diameter of External Thread = D - 0,640327P
R	Designation of a taper external thread	La	Accommodation Length
Rp	Designation of a parallel internal thread	Le	Useful thread length external threads
TD₁	Tolerance of minor diameter of internal thread	Li	Useful thread length internal threads
TD₂	Tolerance of pitch diameter of internal thread	Td	Tolerance of major diameter of external thread
		Td₂	Tolerance of pitch diameter of external thread

Reference standards

BS 21:1985	Specification for pipe threads for tubes and fittings where pressure-tight joints are made on the threads (metric dimensions)..Part Superseded. This standard is applicable only for longscrew threads and Taper int/Taper ext thread combinations.
BS EN 10226-1:2004	Pipe threads where pressure tight joints are made on the threads. Taper external threads and parallel internal threads. Dimensions, tolerances and designation ..Part Supersedes BS 21
BS 2779:1986	Specification for pipe threads for tubes and fittings where pressure-tight joints are not made on the threads (metric dimensions)..Superseded Withdrawn
BS EN ISO 228-1:2003	Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are not made on the threads. Dimensions, tolerances and designation ..Supersedes BS 2779
BS EN ISO 228-2:2003	Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are not made on the threads. Verification by means of limit gauges /
	Note: Equivalent international Standards...
ISO 7-1:1994	Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are made on the threads -- Part 1: Dimensions, tolerances and designation
ISO 7-2:2000	Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are made on the threads -- Part 2: Verification by means of limit gauges..As yet there is no English /European equivalent of this standard(BS EN 10226-2 is in preparation). In the UK the current equivalent standard is BS 21

Thread designations

There are many other types of tap available, such as interrupted thread, series, tandem etc, but these are normally for special applications. We would advise you on enquiry should you require anything other than the standard forms listed here.

BS EN ISO 0228 -1

When designating threads to this standard three blocks are require:

Block 1 (Pipe Thread):
Block 2 (International standard ref = ISO 228:
Block 3 G(size) for internal thread: or G ( size) A for external thread to class A: or G (size ) B for external thread class B
If the thread required is a left hand thread then LH should be appended

Example internal thread designation... Pipe Thread ISO 228 - G 3/4
Example External thread designation...Pipe Thread ISO 228 - G 3/4A

BS EN 10226-1

When designating threads to this standard three blocks are require:

Block 1 (Pipe Thread):
Block 2 (International standard ref = EN 10226:
Block 3 R(size) For external taper thread: or Rp ( size) For internal parallel thread

Example external taper thread designation... Pipe Thread EN10226 - R 3/4
Example parallel internal thread designation...Pipe Thread EN10226 - Rp 3/4

BS 21:1985

Taper external threads shall be designation with R followed by the size.
Taper internal threads shall be designation with Rc followed by the size.
Longscrew threads shall be designation with RL followed by the size.

Example external taper thread designation... Pipe Thread R 3/4
Example Internal taper thread designation... Rc 3/4
Example longscrew thread designation... RL 3/4

Terminology

Mostly applicable to taper thread assemblies:

Gauge Diameter	Major diameter of Thread (Int and Ext) at gaugel plane.
Major Cone	Imaginary cone on taper thread which touches the crest of all external threads or the roots of all internal threads.
Gauge plane	Plane on taper threads, which is perpendicular to the thread axis, at which the major cone has gauge diameter.
Gauge length	On external threads the distance from the gauge plane to the small end of the thread.
Complete thread	The thread which is full formed at both crest and root.
Washout thread	Thread which is not full formed at the root.
Useful thread	All thread excluding washout thread.
Assembly Length (Fitting Allowance)	Useful thread beyond the gauge plane on an external thread required to provide an assembly with an internal thread at the upper limit of tolerance. It includes the wrenching allowance.
Wrenching Length (Wrenching Allowance)	Useful thread length provided to accommodate the relative movement when wrenching from the hand tight position to the fully tightened position.
Accomodation length	Distance from the face of the internal thread to the first obstruction which the externally threaded component will encounter on tightening.

BS EN ISO 0228 -Thread Sizes

This standard "Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are *not* made on the threads." are whitworth form threads for parallel fastening threads that are generally used for fastenings purposes in the mechanical assembly of fittings including valves, accessories etc. Pressure tight joints are not made on the threads but may be made by using the threads to compress together surfaces onto seals. The crests of the basic web form may be truncated, within the limits in the last two columns of the table below, except when they are likely to be used in conjunction with an external taper thread conforming to BS EN 10226. When the thread forms are not truncated they are identical to the threads in BS EN ISO 0228:

BS EN 10226 - 1

Pipe threads where pressure tight joints are made on the threads. Taper external threads and parallel internal threads.

These threads are of Whitworth form and are used when pressure tight joints are made on the screw threads. The joints include taper male threads with parallel female threads are found in BS EN 10226-1. The joints made up of taper male in taper female threads are found in BS EN 10226-2. These threads are used for piping joints including piping, valves and fittings.

BS 21:1985 - Notes

Specification for pipe threads for tubes and fittings where pressure-tight joints are made on the threads (metric dimensions).

This standard is currently only relevant to pressure tight joint between taper internal and taper external threads and longscrew threads.

The parallel external threads on a longscrew thread shall be formed such that connectors and backnuts with threads formed in accordance with the tables above shall run on the longscrew threads with not perceptible shake... The sizes for longscrew threads are provided in the table above for under the heading BS 10228.

The sizes for taper threads are provided in the table under heading BS 10226: The basic sizes of taper external threads are in accordance with the dimensions for BS 10226 as shown above. The basic dimensions of taper external threads are also in accordance with the above standard the relevant tolerance are provided in the column headed "Gauge Length Tolerance Int Thread - T2 /2"

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